He is known only as the father of BLEDDYN ap CYNFYN and as the second husband of his wife. It is through his wife that our HUGH VAUGHAN line goes to the princes HYWEL DDA and RHODRI MAWR. His claimed father GWERYSTAN is disputed, and we have not listed him.

She was the great-granddaughter of HYWEL DDA. Her ancestry back to RHODRI MAWR is well accepted, and is given by most historians including J.E. Lloyd History of Carms (I, App.A) and John Davies (pp.82-83). Stewart Baldwin’s online Ancestry Chart of Llywelyn ap Iorwerth lists the original sources for her line and her marriage to CYNFYN ap GWERYSTAN. This was her second marriage. For her interesting life, see the HISTORICAL NARRATIVE Welsh Princes 1.

We know nothing of LLES except that according to Bartrum (Idnerth Benfras 1) he had brothers Ames and Madog.

RHYS was a great-great-great-grandson of HYWEL DDA, and is very well documented. He was recognized by the new Norman king William the Conqueror as ruler of the Welsh (J. Davies p.105). RHYS is sometimes said to have married Gwladus, a niece of BLEDDYN ap CYNFYN, but this marriage is contested, and we have to consider it unsupported.

GRUFFUDD is documented in Ireland, where he apparently was born to a Dublin princess of Viking and Irish royalty, and in Wales, where he returned, lived, eventually died in 1137, and was buried in Bangor Cathedral. His Latin-language biography written only twenty years after his death, gives an unusual wealth of information about him. Bartrum says that this Latin biography is generally known as Hanes Gruffudd ap Cynan, and was published in 1910 as The History of Gruffydd ap Cynan, but the actual title of the work is Historia hen Gruffud vab Kenan vab Yago. The oldest surviving manuscript, Peniarth MS17, is probably the ultimate source of the other versions (Bartrum, Early Welsh Genealogical Tracts, p.37). For GRUFFUDD’S interesting activities see the HISTORICAL NARRATIVE Welsh Princes 2. He carries our only line through the Gwynedd dynasty, so we used his name to label this branch of the LEWIS line as Branch of 389,250.GRUFFUDD ap CYNAN.

This ANGHARAD was the daughter of OWAIN ab EDWIN (d.1105), the ruler of Tegeingl (Flintshire). This connection could be interesting, but we have not studied it.

OWAIN, the son of CARADOG, is not well known, but was sufficiently documented to be established as the ancestor of the later Welsh lords of Caerleon (DWB “Morgan ap Hywel,” Bradney, Vol.III, p.187).

The legend of MOREIDDIG being born with a snake around his neck and the use of the snake emblematically as identification of the ROGER VAUGHAN family, is told in the HISTORICAL NARRATIVE Gentry 2. The name of MOREIDDIG’S wife is not given in the VAUGHAN pedigree (Drymbenog 1).

At this point, our line from HUGH VAUGHAN’S family in Powys merges with a branch of our LEWIS line in Deheubarth through our joint ancestor OWAIN, who was father of both this MARE DUDD in the VAUGHAN line and of 3,113,984.EINION ab OWAIN in the LEWIS line. The VAUGHAN line was shorter, so we are stopping that line here with MAREDUDD, and we continue the LEWIS line to include the three other generations back to EINION ab OWAIN.

According to Bartrum, this patriarch was living at Maesbrook in 1110, when he must have been quite elderly. He was the patriarch of the family of the mother of EINION EFELL.

TEWDWR was called TEWDWR MAWR (the Great) because he was the father of RHYS ap TEWDWR of Deheubarth, but little is known of him otherwise than as part of the ruling dynasty of Deheubarth in the line back to EINION ap OWAIN. He is in all of the pedigrees, but without important documentation.

In 1039 CYNAN’S father IAGO was overthrown as ruler of Gwynedd by Gruffudd ap Llywelyn, and the boy CYNAN fled to Ireland, where he eventually married into Norse and Irish royalty. His death is not documented, but he died as an adult, likely in battle in Wales around 1063 (J. Davies p.101).

In Ireland, CYNAN married the daughter of Óláfr, the Norse heir to the kingdom of Dublin. RADNAILLT was thus a princess of Viking blood from her father’s line known for at least six generations, and she was an Irish princess from her mother who descended from the kings of Leinster, and from her Viking grandfather’s wife SLANI, who was daughter of the Irish hero and High King BRIAN BORUMA. For this interesting line, we depend upon Stewart Baldwin’s online Llywelyn ap Iowerth AncestryTable at http://www.rootsweb.com/~medieval/llywelyn.htm. See his site for the numerous specialized references we omitted here. Baldwin also summarizes the reasons for accepting this parentage (see his 17.Radnaillt). For RADNAILLT’S line we follow the Irish form of names used in the original early sources, as given by Baldwin.

OWAIN ab EDWIN was the ruler of Tegeingl near the Cheshire border, and he had to tread a careful path between the Normans and the Welsh princes to maintain control of his lands, as given in the HISTORICAL NARRATIVE Welsh Princes 2.

CARADOG, the son of GRUFFUDD ap RHYDDERCH, belonged to the family of unknown origin that appeared in the 11th century and gained power in the region that later became Monmouthshire. He was killed by 389,248.RHYS ap TEWDWR in the battle of Mynydd Carn in 1081. The family lost power under the Normans and eventually became the Lords of Caerleon and gentry in the line of JANE LEWIS (see HISTORICAL NARRATIVE Welsh Princes 1-2 and Gentry 2).

This number is for CADELL in the LEWIS line, and he does not appear in the HUGH VAUGHAN line. These decades are thinly documented, and it is not known when CADELL died. His wife is sometimes given as Elinor f. Gwerystan, but this attribution is contested.

IAGO’S father IDWAL ruled in Gwynedd, but after he died in 996 subsequent events are not well recorded, though IAGO twice ruled for short periods before he was overthrown and executed by Gruffudd ap Llywelyn in 1039 (J. Davies p.100).

He was the royal heir of Dublin, and his Old Norse name was Óláfr. Baldwin says that he gives the names of the Norse kings of Dublin and York in their Irish forms, which is how they appear in most of the contemporary or near contemporary sources that mention them.  He also gives the corresponding Old Norse forms based on twelfth and thirteenth century Icelandic sources, which we follow here.

This mother of 778,501.RADNAILLT descended from many kings of Leinster in her very long paternal line that goes back sixteen generations earlier than RADNAILLT, the sixteenth generation being called by Baldwin “the point at which the genealogy becomes clearly historical.” Her line joins with a great-grandmother’s line, so we labeled all of the Irish lines for these wives. GRUFFUDD ap CYNAN’S biography gives her as “Vaylcorcre verch Dunlug/Dimlwg,” and then refers to her daughter as ‘”Ragnell” (Bartrum, Early Welsh Genealogical Tracts, p.37).

After the death of RHYDDERCH ap IESTYN in 1033, his son GRUFFUDD is documented as resisting the Danes and attacking the English border. In 1055 he was defeated and killed by Gruffudd ap Llywelyn (see 375,233.ANGHARAD and the HISTORICAL NARRATIVE Welsh Princes 1-2). After the latter’s death in 1063 GRUFFUDD’S line reappeared (Maund p.64, J.Davies p.100).

This number is for EINION ab OWAIN in our LEWIS line, where two of our three lines to the Welsh princes merge into one line to OWAIN, the father of EINION and MAREDUDD. The number for EINION’S brother MAREDUDD in our VAUGHAN line (with fewer generations) was 753,666.

Part of the established line from ANARAWD, IDWAL fought in the internecine battles between Gwynedd and Deheubarth but died young after his main success against MAREDUDD ab OWAIN. See the HISTORICAL NARRATIVE Welsh Princes 1.

SLANI was the daughter of BRIAN BORUMA, so RADNAILLT’S grandparents (and her paternal great-grandparents as will be seen) were mixed Norse and Irish. Though it is surprising that BRIAN’S daughter married a Viking, it is known that he formed alliances with Norsemen in his battles against rival Irish kings.

He was king of Leinster. His wife is apparently unknown.

RHYDDERCH ab IESTYN seized power over Deheubarth, but died in 1033 (Maund pp.61-2, J.Davies p.99). His ancestry is unknown, but his sons and grandsons periodically gained power and his later descendants continued as local lords and gentry in and after the Norman period.

This prince OWAIN appears in our lines from both HUGH VAUGHAN and JANE LEWIS, and his number for the shorter VAUGHAN line is 1,507,332. See the HISTORICAL NARRATIVE Welsh Princes 1 for his long reign with his two sons’ support.

This line from ANARAWD ap RHODRI is well established, and MEURIG was one of four sons who fought to keep Gwynedd from being taken over by the Deheubarth dynasty of OWAIN’S sons (J. Davies pp.82-83).

He was the king of Dublin and York, and his Old Norse name was Óláfr Kváran.

in addition to being the wife of Amlaíb CUARAN she also married the king of Meath and king of Ireland (d.1022), and BRIAN BORUMA, according to the early sources Baldwin gives. This line of GORMLAITH eventually merged with the line of MAELCORCRE, both including kings of Leinster.

He was king of Munster and a high king of Ireland. He was killed on 23 April 1014 after his forces had been victorious at the Battle of Clontarf. He had four wives, but no known source indicates which was the ancestor of RADNAILLT, according to Baldwin.

He was king of Leinster. Baldwin calls him the ancestor of the family of UaTuathail, i.e. O’Toole.

This is the number for the place of HYWEL DDA (HYWEL the Good) in the LEWIS line through EINION ab OWAIN. The shorter line of 46.HUGH VAUGHAN through the princes of Powys has number 3,014,664 for HYWEL. See HISTORICAL NARRATIVE Welsh Princes 1 for this important Welsh king.

ELEN was the daughter of the last king of the royal line of Dyfed (approximately modern Pembrokeshire), who had died in 904. She descended from a tribe that had migrated to Dyfed from Ireland as early as the 4th century. See her ancestor 398,589,988.MAREDUDD ap TEWDWS below.

IDWAL FOEL (the bald) was documented as offering submission to Alfred’s son Edward the Elder in 918, but he later revolted against the English and was killed in 942 (J.Davies p.94).

He was king of Dublin and York, and his Old Norse name was SIGTRYGGR.  His wife is unknown. Baldwin notes that SITRIC married a sister of Æthelstan of England in 926, but it is not chronologically feasible for her to be the mother of AMLAIB CUARAN.

He was king of Leinster.

He was king of Thomond.

He was king of Leinster. According to Baldwin, he was killed in the Battle of Cennfuait by 12,456,016.SITRIC ua IMAIR.

This number is for the place of CADELL ap RHODRI in the LEWIS line through EINION ap OWAIN, and the number for CADELL in the shorter HUGH VAUGHAN line is 6,029,328.

He was the last of the old royal line of Dyfed (Pembrokeshire), and after his death CADELL ap RHODRI took over the Dyfed kingdom (Maund p.43, J. Davies p.95). One result may have been his daughter ELEN’S marriage to CADELL’S son HYWEL DDA, as control over a royal daughter’s hand and genes was usually a prerogative of the victor in battle.

When ANARAWD died in 916, the Welsh Chronicles commemorated him as King of the Britons. See the HISTORICAL NARRATIVE Welsh Princes 1 for his relations with the English king Alfred.

Baldwin notes that 12,456,016.SITRIC is called a grandson of 49,224,112.ÍMAR (ua ÍMAIR) in the Irish annals, but no satisfactory evidence has been advanced regarding the name of the intervening generation before SITRIC ua ÍMAIR.

Baldwin says he was called rígdamna of Leinster, but notes that disagreement exists about the exact meaning of the term rígdamna.  "Prince" and "royal heir" are two possible translations that have been suggested.